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Table 2 Key characteristics of the sample across languages

From: The Challenged Sense of Belonging Scale (CSBS)—a validation study in English, Arabic, and Farsi/Dari among refugees and asylum seekers in Germany

  English (N = 341) Arabic (N = 2957) Farsi/Dari (N = 485)
  Percent (absolute)
Survey language = mother tongue
 Yes 2.1 (7) 62.6 (1850) 85.8 (416)
 No 98.0 (334) 37.4 (1485) 14.2 (69)
Gender
 Male 56.6 (193) 62.2 (1840) 61.0 (296)
 Female 43.4 (148) 37.8 (1117) 39.0 (189)
Country of origin
 Syria 0.9 (3) 72.9 (2155) -
 Afghanistan 2.6 (9) 1.5 (43) 0.6 (3)
 Iraq - 15.4 (456) 79.2 (384)
 Eritrea 32.3 (110) 3.0 (88) -
 Other 64.2 (219) 7.3 (215) 20.2 (98)
Legal status
 Asylum seeker 25.5 (87) 7.9 (234) 27.4 (133)
 Residence permit 49.9 (170) 85.5 (2528) 62.7 (304)
 No residence permit 22.6 (77) 5.6 (164) 5.6 (27)
 NAa 2.1 (7) 1.1 (31) 4.3 (21)
Education (ISCED 2011)b
 1 39.9 (136) 34.9 (1031) 50.1 (243)
 2 42.8 (146) 39.4 (1166) 33.0 (160)
 3 11.7 (40) 19.0 (562) 10.1 (49)
 NAa 5.6 (19) 6.7 (198) 6.8 (33)
Religious denomination
 Christian 54.0 (184) 8.1 (240) 12.8 (62)
 Islam 37.2 (127) 75.7 (2238) 72.6 (352)
 Other 4.1 (14) 8.2 (243) 0.4 (2)
 None 2.4 (8) 5.2 (155) 9.5 (46)
 NAa 2.4 (8) 2.7 (81) 4.7 (23)
Housing
 Refugee housing 36.4 (124) 11.9 (353) 33.2 (161)
 Private housing 63.6 (217) 87.5 (2586) 66.8 (324)
 NAa - 0.6 (18) -
Family status
 Not married 51.0 (174) 30.4 (899) 35.5 (172)
 Married 48.7 (166) 69.4 (2053) 64.5 (313)
 NAa 0.3 (1) 0.2 (5) -
  Mean (SD)
Age 31.9 (8.8) 35.4 (10.9) 33.0 (10.4)
Years in Germany 3.6 (1.6) 3.1 (1.1) 3.1 (0.8)
NAa 2 12 2
Total 341 2957 485
  1. aNA refers to missing values or insufficient information in order to generate a variable (e.g., ISCED11)
  2. bWe reduced the original ISCED 2011 classification (International Standard Classification of Education) into 3 categories (0, 1 = 1; 2, 3, 4 = 2; 6, 7, 8 = 3; 5 = not applicable), reflecting primary, secondary, and tertiary education (see UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
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