The Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 (SOP2): a comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

Table 2 Sample characteristics by nation

	United Kingdom	Germany
N	468	474
Mean age in years (SD) [Range]	45.2 (14.5) [18–69]	44.0 (14.4) [18–69]
Proportion of women (%)	52.6	50.0
Educational level (%)
Low: never went to school, Skills for Life/1–4 GCSEs A*–C or equivalent	34.8	33.5
Intermediate: 5 or more GCSEs A*–C/vocational GCSE/GNVQ intermediate or equivalent	32.1	33.8
High: 2 or more A-levels or equivalent	33.1	32.7

Note. The equivalent German educational levels were as follows (from low to high): ohne Bildungsabschluss/Hauptschulabschluss [no educational qualification/basic school-leaving qualification], Mittlere Reife [intermediate school-leaving qualification], and Fachhochschulreife/Abitur [entrance qualification for a university of applied sciences/general higher education entrance qualification].

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