The Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 (SOP2): a comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

Table 5 Correlations of SOP2 with validation measures and sociodemographic characteristics, by nation

	UK		DE
	r	95% CI	r	95% CI
Big Five
Extraversion	.38	[.30, .45]	.24	[.15, .32]
Agreeableness	.27	[.19, .36]	.28	[.19, .36]
Conscientiousness	.19	[.10, .28]	.13	[.04, .21]
Emotional Stability	.55	[.48, .61]	.55	[.49, .61]
Openness	.20	[.12, .29]	.16	[.07, .24]
Risk proneness	.20	[.11, .28]	.21	[.12, .30]
General self-efficacy	.31	[.22, .39]	.36	[.28, .43]
Self-esteem	.56	[.50, .62]	.57	[.50, .62]
Locus of control
Internal	.27	[.18, .35]	.28	[.20, .36]
External	−.18	[−.27, −.09]	−.39	[−.47, −.31]
Interpersonal trust	.42	[.35, .49]	.43	[.35, .50]
Political efficacy
Internal	.20	[.11, .28]	.22	[.13, .30]
External	.13	[.04, .22]	.13	[.04, .21]
Life satisfaction	.53	[.46, .59]	.51	[.44, .58]
Health	.32	[.24, .40]	.34	[.25, .41]
Social desirability
Exaggerating positive qualities	.27	[.19, .35]	.23	[.14, .31]
Minimizing negative qualities	.08	[−.01, .17]	.14	[.05, .23]
Sociodemographic characteristics
Employed (= reference category)
Unemployed	−.22	[−.32, −.12]	−.14	[−.25, −.03]
Self-employed	−.05	[−.16, .07]	.00	[−.11, .12]
Retired/homemaker	−.06	[−.16, .04]	−.07	[−.16, .03]
Pupil/student/apprentice/intern	−.07	[− .19, .04]	−.08	[−.18, .03]
Income	.25	[.16, .33]	.21	[.12, .29]
Educational level	.11	[.02, .20]	.08	[−.01, .17]
Age	.06	[−.03, .15]	.13	[.04, .21]
Gender	−.06	[−.15, .03]	.01	[−.08, .10]

Note. UK = United Kingdom (N = 468, N_{Employment status} = 450, N_Income = 431), DE = Germany (N = 474, N_Self-esteem = 473, N_{Employment status} = 462, N_Income = 449), CI = confidence interval. Health: very bad (1) – very good (5). Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female. Coefficients with r ≥ |.20| are in bold type

ISSN: 2523-8930