Fig. 3

Mean DUREL latent scores for a “one-factor” nations, from highest to lowest total score, and b “two-factor” nations, from highest to lowest RA. Note. In part a, a mean difference at p < .01 was found between Malaysia and Germany. In part b, a mean difference in RA at p < .01 was found between Morocco and four nations: Greece, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Taiwan. A mean difference in IR at p < .001 was found between Morocco and six nations: India, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Thailand, and the Philippines (p < .01). Part c uses raw scores, with scales divided by the number of items to create a comparable metric of an “average item response” on the DUREL’s 0–5 Likert scale