Region, nation | Language | n | Female% | Mage | ORA | NORA | RA | IR | Total score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | α | ω | |||||
Africa (Sub-Saharan) | ||||||||||||||||
 Ethiopia | Amharic | 381 | 29 | 24.0 | 4.57 | 1.46 | 3.85 | 1.51 | 4.21 | 1.36 | 4.09 | 1.02 | 4.14 | 1.05 | .90 | .90 |
 Kenya | English | 288 | 33 | 24.6 | 4.44 | 1.19 | 3.75 | 1.44 | 4.08 | 1.21 | 3.69 | 1.00 | 3.85 | 0.96 | .87 | .87 |
 Tanzania | Kiswahili | 256 | 33 | 24.8 | 5.10 | 0.76 | 4.77 | 1.09 | 4.94 | 0.83 | 3.82 | 0.95 | 4.27 | 0.79 | .77 | .76 |
North Africa/Middle East | ||||||||||||||||
 Morocco | Arabic | 441 | 50 | 25.6 | 4.68 | 1.51 | 5.16 | 1.45 | 4.91 | 1.24 | 4.38 | 0.83 | 4.59 | 0.84 | .77 | .77 |
 Turkey | Turkish | 416 | 54 | 21.1 | 2.42 | 1.52 | 3.09 | 1.84 | 2.75 | 1.50 | 2.94 | 1.31 | 2.86 | 1.32 | .94 | .94 |
South Asia | ||||||||||||||||
 Bangladesh | Bengali | 272 | 22 | 21.7 | 4.36 | 1.55 | 3.67 | 1.49 | 4.02 | 1.32 | 3.53 | 1.07 | 3.73 | 0.98 | .81 | .80 |
 India | English | 390 | 62 | 21.1 | 3.54 | 1.32 | 3.25 | 1.60 | 3.39 | 1.28 | 3.12 | 1.04 | 3.22 | 1.01 | .81 | .81 |
 Nepal | Nepali | 346 | 59 | 21.0 | 3.85 | 1.16 | 3.44 | 1.38 | 3.65 | 1.14 | 3.42 | 0.96 | 3.51 | 0.89 | .81 | .81 |
Southeast Asia | ||||||||||||||||
 Malaysia | Malay | 324 | 66 | 20.5 | 4.22 | 1.32 | 5.22 | 1.41 | 4.71 | 1.12 | 4.69 | 0.67 | 4.70 | 0.78 | .92 | .93 |
 Philippines | Tagalog | 425 | 68 | 20.0 | 4.55 | 1.08 | 4.37 | 1.39 | 4.46 | 1.08 | 4.00 | 0.96 | 4.18 | 0.89 | .86 | .86 |
 Thailand | Thai | 350 | 72 | 21.6 | 3.65 | 1.21 | 3.59 | 1.35 | 3.62 | 1.09 | 3.26 | 0.88 | 3.40 | 0.81 | .74 | .75 |
 Singapore | English | 304 | 55 | 21.7 | 2.93 | 1.56 | 2.37 | 1.65 | 2.65 | 1.50 | 2.87 | 1.27 | 2.78 | 1.28 | .94 | .94 |
East Asia | ||||||||||||||||
 China | Chinese | 350 | 73 | 20.8 | 1.76 | 0.82 | 1.26 | 0.63 | 1.51 | 0.63 | 1.93 | 0.88 | 1.76 | 0.69 | .88 | .88 |
 Japan | Japanese | 429 | 63 | 20.9 | 1.44 | 0.80 | 1.24 | 0.69 | 1.38 | 0.65 | 1.67 | 0.71 | 1.54 | 0.54 | .84 | .85 |
 Taiwan | Chinese | 395 | 64 | 22.6 | 2.58 | 1.08 | 1.57 | 0.97 | 2.07 | .93 | 2.54 | 1.05 | 2.35 | 0.90 | .90 | .90 |
Eastern Europe | ||||||||||||||||
 Greece | Greek | 246 | 70 | 21.8 | 2.70 | 0.91 | 2.35 | 1.53 | 2.53 | 1.10 | 2.34 | 1.14 | 2.44 | 1.03 | .91 | .91 |
 Poland | Polish | 225 | 88 | 21.2 | 3.11 | 1.39 | 2.31 | 1.59 | 2.70 | 1.38 | 2.69 | 1.33 | 2.70 | 1.27 | .94 | .94 |
 Ukraine | Ukrainian | 244 | 64 | 20.2 | 2.65 | 1.08 | 2.43 | 1.57 | 2.54 | 1.19 | 2.88 | 1.15 | 2.74 | 1.05 | .89 | .89 |
Western Europe | ||||||||||||||||
 Germany | German | 349 | 52 | 23.6 | 2.23 | 1.01 | 1.65 | 1.23 | 1.94 | 1.00 | 1.94 | 1.13 | 1.94 | 1.00 | .94 | .94 |
 Spain | Spanish | 379 | 64 | 22.7 | 1.76 | 1.08 | 1.54 | 1.20 | 1.63 | 1.02 | 1.68 | 0.99 | 1.66 | 0.94 | .94 | .94 |
 UK | English | 229 | 62 | 22.7 | 2.09 | 1.33 | 1.96 | 1.54 | 2.02 | 1.35 | 1.98 | 1.27 | 2.00 | 1.26 | .97 | .97 |
North America | ||||||||||||||||
 Canada | English | 220 | 61 | 21.8 | 2.57 | 1.58 | 2.28 | 1.65 | 2.43 | 1.54 | 2.51 | 1.37 | 2.48 | 1.36 | .96 | .95 |
 USA | English | 425 | 57 | 21.9 | 2.99 | 1.55 | 2.78 | 1.72 | 2.87 | 1.50 | 2.87 | 1.40 | 2.87 | 1.37 | .95 | .95 |
South America | ||||||||||||||||
 Argentina | Spanish | 243 | 56 | 24.3 | 2.45 | 1.38 | 2.28 | 1.65 | 2.38 | 1.33 | 2.70 | 1.12 | 2.57 | 1.09 | .87 | .88 |
 Brazil | Portuguese | 195 | 79 | 22.2 | 3.25 | 1.61 | 3.00 | 1.68 | 3.12 | 1.49 | 3.31 | 1.27 | 3.24 | 1.29 | .93 | .93 |
 Peru | Spanish | 309 | 61 | 21.8 | 2.76 | 1.33 | 2.47 | 1.65 | 2.62 | 1.31 | 2.97 | 1.15 | 2.83 | 1.11 | .89 | .90 |